All of the workshops available at Zimfest 2016 are listed below.
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Workshop Skill Levels
Please do not sign up for workshops that are beyond your skill level; doing so causes difficulties for the teacher and the other students. Please refer to these guidelines:
Introductory/Beginner
For students who have never touched the instrument to those with less than a year of experience.
Advanced Beginner
For students who have played the instrument for at least one year. For marimba, students who can play a couple of parts on at least five songs. For mbira, students who can play at least two songs.
Intermediate
For students who have played for at least three years. For marimba, students have a basic understanding of African rhythms, can catch musical cues and learn parts fairly easily. For mbira, students know at least five songs and can play in the kushaura and kutsinhira positions.
Advanced
Those students who meet the intermediate criteria PLUS learn parts very quickly, have a strong sense of rhythm, and can play fast.
Symbols
Introductory/Beginner
Advanced Beginner
Intermediate
Advanced
All skill levels
Culture Workshops
Tambai – Sidlale
Teacher: Lucky Moyo
Story telling and games for children using songs, theatre and dance. Appropriate for teachers.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Children, Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Culture, Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Dance Workshops
Shangara Dance
Teacher: Clayton Master
This is a dance done to the rhythm of mbira (Shangara mbakumba). Clayton's shangara dance style has not been taught at Zimfest before.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Dance
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Mbira Dance
Teacher: Julia Chigamba
The workshop will open with a discussion about Zimbabwean culture and its significance in learning the dance and music. The mbira dance welcomes and brings together the people and the spirits of our ancestors. It is a welcome for all kinds of energies, no matter your background. It brings people together so they can learn about each other and themselves. It is a song to give thanks for what we have, pray for assistance, and seek guidance.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Dance
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Mhande Dancing
Teacher: Kanukai Chigamba
The dynamic Kanukai Chigamba will teach mhande dancing, used to call on the spirits during rain-making ceremonies. Intended for energetic teens and adults who can keep up. Participants in this workshop are invited to perform in the Festival Highlights show @7:30 p.m. Sunday Aug 14 if available.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Teens, Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Dance
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Dancing for Ambuya-s
Teacher: Julia Chigamba
Shona dance steps appropriate for the elders amongst us who might not be able to handle aerobics-style dance classes.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Dance
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Amabhiza Khalanga Dance/ Drumming
Teacher: Lucky Moyo
A dance that imitates the movement of animals to tell stories from the Khalanga people from South Western Zimbabwe.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Dance
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Gum Boot Dance
Teacher: Lucky Moyo
A dance from the mines of South Africa done to communicate coded messages. The dancer dresses like a miner and does rhythmic patterns by clapping and slapping their boots. Appropriate for teachers.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Dance
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Drumming Workshops
Mhande Drumming
Teacher: Musekiwa Chingodza
Learn basic Mhande drum parts and explore variations to enhance these parts. Participants in this workshop are invited to perform in the Festival Highlights show @7:30 p.m. Sunday Aug 14 if available.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Drumming
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Mbakumba Drumming
Teacher: Ronnie Daliyo
Learn the drumming patterns, singing, and hosho that accompany the mbakumba dance, a celebratory harvest dance from Masvingo Province.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Drumming
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 8 (Sun 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Beginning Drumming
Teacher: Sheree Seretse
Learn basic patterns and rhythms of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. The class will explore drumming techniques, hand positions, basic and cross patterns. Appropriate for teachers.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Drumming
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Ngoma Dzemadandanda
Teacher: Kurai Blessing Mubaiwa
This is typical drumming from the area where I grew up, Murehwa, Mashonaland East (Zimbabwe). As I recall, at the time I was growing up, the madandanda drumming and singing was a lot more common than mbira and singing in that part of Murehwa. Even though my obvious preference was mbira I still loved seeing village folks trip on this drumming rhythm. Like many other drumming rhythms you come across in Zimbabwe, it is fast syncopated 6/8 drumming, clearly defined by two drum patterns: kudingura done on a high pitched drum; and kutsinhira on a bass one. Both drums are short and played with sticks. Since we do not have these drums here at Zimfest, I would like to share this rhythm with folks on any kind of drums we have. We shall bypass the playing with sticks and use hands instead.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Drumming
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Hosho Workshops
Hosho Accompaniment
Teacher: Kurai Blessing Mubaiwa
Hosho is an essential accompanying instrument to most of Zimbabwean traditional music, especially drumming, marimba and mbira. It's simply a metronome to the desired tempo of a song or piece. It is very simple to pick up hosho and make a sound but being in total control of the sound you make can be a challenge. In this class I would like to share with all the students my own simplified method of the rhythms versus the control of the seeds inside the gourds. We will cover the traditional mbira style as well as the contemporary one (which may be called many other names) but it is indeed the 4/4 rhythm unlike the 6/8 or 12/8 mbira one.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Hosho
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Hosho Khalanga Style
Teacher: Lucky Moyo
Exploring rhythms and patterns in Khalanga hosho playing, which is very different from Shona styles.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Hosho
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Improving Your Hosho Skills
Teacher: Musekiwa Chingodza
Have you had an introductory hosho lesson but want to improve your technique? Musekiwa will help you to get the sound you and those you accompany want. Also: how to listen, hold steady, and add easy variations as time permits. Amongst Zimbabweans and US performers alike, Musekiwa is recognized and much in demand as a great hosho player, and he is eager to share his skills with others.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Hosho
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Do Not Fear the Hosho
Teacher: MyLinda King
Learn three basic hosho patterns that will allow you to play on almost any song. Whether you have played a bit or even never held a pair of hosho in your hands before, you will take something away from this workshop. We will focus on staying relaxed. Hosho will be provided but bring your own if you have them.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Hosho
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Hosho Techniques
Teacher: Kurai Blessing Mubaiwa
In this class I will go through some techniques i have learned from various hosho players I have come across in my music experiences in Zimbabwe as well as some broader practical techniques I have figured out in and outside Zimbabwe. Every hosho player plays differently according to their comfort and interpretation of where they feel the musical pulse or beat and or tempo. So in this intensive session we shall break it all down and analyze it from all angles and try and figure out the best way we can get to a desired rhythm or pattern and tempo without much physical action, hence prolonging how long we can last playing at each given time. We will cover hosho for shangara/ mbira/ madandanda/ mhande and the contemporary 4/4 with a Latin feel.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Hosho
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Marimba Workshops
Mbavarira on Marimba
Teacher: Chinyakare Ensemble
"Mbavarira" is a favorite of Sekuru Tute Chigamba played on gandanga (mavembe) mbira. Chinyakare members will teach marimba parts appropriate for a small ensemble of three to five instruments.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Sinjonjo
Teacher: Clayton Pasi Gunguwo
Sinjonjo is an upbeat song and type of dance popular in the Copper Belt mining areas in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Sinjonjo is a celebration of cultures coming together. Students will learn basic parts and unlimited variations
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Kupera KweVanhu
Teacher: Daniel Lockley
The song Kupera kweVanhu was written by Thomas Mapfumo to highlight the tragedy behind genocide in Mozambique. Students with a keen ear may find hints of the mbira song Shumba. The song was arranged for marimba by Daniel Lockley with help from Zivanai Masango.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Museve
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
Museve (arrow) a name given to Zimbabwe's most popular music. This is one of Michael Sibanda's compositions played in typical museve style which will include some Borrowdale dance (a dance associated with museve music).
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Marimba, Dance
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Katarina
Teacher: Clayton Pasi Gunguwo
A contemporary adapted piece you will always love to play. You will learn intricate parts which fit together and a couple of variations.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Teens, Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Sunshine
Teacher: Clayton Pasi Gunguwo
Come learn a marimba song with a Caribbean flavor. Students will learn various parts and breaks.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Teens, Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Sarura Wako
Teacher: Augusten Basa
"Sarura Wako," meaning "Choose Yours" or "Choose Your Partner" is a children's game song that has developed into a wedding dance number. It is a favorite song of the Chigamba family to play on marimba for the mbende (Jerusarema) dance. Learn Chinyakare's jamming marimba style for a small ensemble of three to five instruments.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Mbakumba on Marimba
Teacher: Chinyakare Ensemble
Learn to play mbakumba, a celebratory harvest dance song from Masvingo Province, on an ensemble of three to five marimbas. Chinyakare members Augusten, Gerald, Ronnie and Russ will co-teach this workshop.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults, Teens
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Kuzanga on Marimba
Teacher: Clayton Pasi Gunguwo
Come and learn my version of "Kuzanga." This song speaks to the celebration and appreciation of ancestral joy. The workshop will be geared toward advanced beginner and intermediate marimba players. Students will learn various parts and are encouraged to bring recorders (both audio and video) to record the session for future reference.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Introduction to Mbira-style Marimba
Teacher: Jake Roberts
This workshop offers a fundamental introduction to mbira-style marimba, playing parts in the kushaura and kutsinhira positions (one line trailing a pulse behind another, or two lines forming a 6-against-4 pattern with each other) and tips for being comfortable with the beat in either position. (Intermediate players are also encouraged to enroll to learn or practice this valuable skill. More complex parts can be made available.) This workshop features parts from Wanda Walker's arrangement of "Nhimutimu" based on the mbira dzavadzimu parts as taught by Cosmas Magaya. The full arrangement can be heard through a link on this web page: http://www.marimbaworks.com/WWalker/ Arranged in the key of G; use of F#s is optional.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Shumba
Teacher: Jake Roberts
Shumba (“Lion”) is a traditional mbira song arranged for marimba by instructor Jake Roberts. It features the chord progression and melodies of the mbira piece as played in gandanga tuning, distributed throughout a marimba ensemble. A video of this arrangement can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXbC6kQwL5E.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
ChaChimurenga
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
A hands on workshop for children and teachers. Teachers will be able to observe participant children as they are being introduced to marimba ensemble playing. Skills will include; playing technique, discipline, maintaining focus in the class and good ensemble playing. Appropriate for teachers.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Intensive: Variations and Improv in Context: Mahororo
Teacher: Jeff Brahe
Mahororo is a traditional mbira song which offers many opportunities for variations and expanding your part. Day 1 will focus on learning and playing the basic parts (warning: they may not be easy!), while day 2 will learn note subsitutions, different rhythms, and other variations inherent to the song, and explore some arrangement/performance ideas for your class or band.
Cost: $60.00
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Taireva on Marimba
Teacher: Kurai Blessing Mubaiwa
A traditional mbira song/piece from the Shona people of Zimbabwe – one of my most favorite songs to play. With such love for this particular song, I have been able to break down all the mbira parts and distribute them onto a marimba orchestra set up. My passion for Taireva has combined flavors from Murehwa as well as Chihota where Garikayi Tirikoti is from, in Mashonaland East province. In the class we will go through an experience of Taireva Dambarefu (long play LP), with simple parts broken down and a comfortable working arrangement.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Beginning Marimba
Teacher: Maggie Donahue
This is a beginning class designed for those who have never played marimba before. The class will introduce students to the fundamentals of playing marimba. Using one of Dumi's story songs (Kukaiwa), we'll explore technique, ensemble playing, beat/hosho, the marimba as an instrument, phrasing, melody/ harmonizing lines, as well as a little about the history of how marimba lit up the Northwest. Workshop is for true beginners only.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Chiradza 1
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
A piece composed by Mr E. Chiradza with beautiful syncopated variations. You will be introduced to playing double notes and an infectious 3+3+2 bass line. This is a different Chiradza than most North Americans know.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Marimba Fundamentals for Learning and Improv
Teacher: Mandla Kaunda
This class will focus on how to really play the marimba, coming from two teachers who have played since childhood, one in Zimbabwe and one in the U.S. Topics will include sticking techniques, gaining stamina and agility and how to get the best sound. Then we'll move on to WHAT to play. This will include ways of building on what you know already by learning to do variations and beginning to improvise. Special emphasis will be given to rhythm, with concepts from Chris Berry's FAR system (Fundamentals of African Rhythm). Appropriate for teachers.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Kukaiwa
Teacher: Larry Israel
Learn Kukaiwa ("to be bothered"), an original composition by Dumisani Maraire, along with a few fundamental concepts that will help you understand Shona music. This beautiful piece was always the first one Dumi taught to new students. Larry Israel learned it from him in 1977 and still loves it. The workshop is for beginners, including those who have never played marimba. Advanced Beginners (and beyond) are also welcome and will help the class proceed further into some of the more involved sections of Kukaiwa.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 8 (Sun 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Wenge Mambo
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
The title of this song means "You Behave Like a Chief". This is a marimba arrangement of a spiritual and polyrhythmic piece by Oliver Mtukudzi that has exciting interlocking rhythms and melodies. Hosho and drumming accompaniment will be included.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Marabi
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
Marabi is a raucous and distinctly African mixture of indigenous harmony and structure blended together with jazz. Influenced by the popular township jazz in Bulawayo this marimba composition will introduce you to a different style from the Southern part of Zimbabwe. The piece has an infectious soprano melody.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 8 (Sun 3:30 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Gweru
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
Named after Zimbabwe's Midlands Capital, Gweru was a popular piece at the Kwanongoma College of Music during the 1980s. An ideal piece for improvising with melody and rhythm.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Marimba: Amai Chiuyai, Mwana Anochema
Teacher: Musekiwa Chingodza
Sweet marimba arrangement of the song, a version of Chamutengure, for which singing is taught in a related class. "Amai Chiuyai, Mwana Anochema" means "Mother come! The baby is crying."
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Todzungaira
Teacher: Patrick Latimer
Todzungaira is a beautiful traditional mbira piece that is a plea to the ancestors in times of suffering. It is a popular and versatile piece to have in your repertoire, and can range from slow and meditative to upbeat and danceable. We'll learn a flexible arrangement on the marimbas, and maybe add some singing lines if time allows.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Simbarashe
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
My own composition – a study of complex marimba rhythms that will help with dexterity. It also attempts to incorporate some elements of western classical music. This, like my other advanced marimba classes, requires lots of movement and commitment to *performing* the music, and not just playing it.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Peace for Africa
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
A fast paced performance piece that is built from the framework of melodies from Alick Macheso's Tererai. It is very lively and requires energetic movement in performance. This piece if intricate and is only open to true Advanced marimba players. Participants in this workshop are invited to perform in the Festival Highlights show @5p.m. Sunday Aug 14 if available.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Musiye Musiye
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
This piece is in the chamutengure mode and involves the singing of different layered lines independently.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Tsvimborume
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
An arrangement of a Zimbabwean traditional tune about bachelors collecting caterpillars to impress young women.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Hurungwe
Teacher: Ted Wright
Hurungwe is a song originally done by The Green Arrows, a great Zimbabwean band popular in the 1970s. We’ll learn a full marimba arrangement along with some singing lines.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Soweto
Teacher: Ted Wright
Ted's arrangement of Abdullah Ibrahim's 1975 Cape Jazz classic.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 8 (Sun 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Take it Easy
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
A very simple tune for beginners or can be used as a warm up for Advanced beginners. Sopranos would play the most difficult material.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Teens, Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 1.5 hours |
Chigwaya on Marimba
Teacher: Patrick Latimer
Chigwaya is an ancient mbira piece played to call mermaid spirits, which are believed to bring health, wealth, and protection. It is a good song to learn some basic mbira rhythms with, and is quite fun to play. In addition to the marimba arrangement, we'll do some singing and rhythm work. Workshop is for true beginners only.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Hwahwa
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
A fun and lively piece that involves a little singing. Has simple rhythm parts that could appeal to advanced beginners and fairly intricate variations that could appeal to intermediate players. Advanced players are welcome if they would like to practice improvisation.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Tsuro
Teacher: Wanda Walker
Tsuro is a very fun, active call-and-response song suitable for advanced beginner marimba players. It was taught to my daughter, Mandy Walker-LaFollette, by Sheasby Matiure as a song to teach listening skills. Tsuro means rabbit in Shona. There are easy lyrics to learn which tell a little of the story about what the other animals in the forest are trying to tell the rabbit.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Children, All Ages
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba, Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 8 (Sun 3:30 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Nyarara Baba: a Mhande Song on Marimba
Teacher: Wanda Walker
The first half of this workshop is drumming, dancing and singing. First we will learn to play the basic Mhande drum pattern as played in Eugene, Oregon, with some variations. We'll layer in the hosho, clapping and clave patterns. Next we'll learn the singing lines to Nyarara Baba, which I learned from Jennifer Kyker (as Ndoenda Zvangu Kumandega). Then we'll learn the marimba arrangement by Mandy Walker-LaFollette. Mhande is a dance form with singing and drumming, used to pray for rain and bless seeds before planting. Key of G, ionian mode; uses F#s. Non beginners welcome.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Marimba, Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Marimba: Pfugama Unamate
Teacher: Zivanai Masango
This song can be translated as "Kneel and pray even when the road gets rough." The arrangement will be for advanced intermediate players.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Msengu
Teacher: Daniel Lockley
Msengu is a traditional song from the matepe repertoire. When played on marimba, it will bear a superficial resemblance to the song Bangidza in the lydian mode. Expect lots of foreign yet familiar rhythms and melodies!
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Teens, Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Nhimutimu
Teacher: Wanda Walker
Have fun learning Wanda's arrangement of this mbira song based on mbira parts taught by Cosmas Magaya and the recording of John Kunaka on the CD “Zimbabwe.” This workshop offers a solid introduction to or continued study of mbira-style marimba, with some parts on the underlying 4 beats and others flowing in "sixes" like the mbira right hand. The arrangement calls for the essential part to be staggered in the kushaura and kutsinhira positions; learn tips for getting comfortable with the beat in both positions. Arranged in the key of G; use of F#s is optional. The arrangement can be heard through a link on this web page: http://www.marimbaworks.com/WWalker/
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults, Teens
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Kuzanga on Marimba
Teacher: Clayton Pasi Gunguwo
Come and learn my version of "Kuzanga." This song speaks to the celebration and appreciation of ancestral joy. The workshop will be geared toward advanced beginner and intermediate marimba players. Students will learn various parts and are encouraged to bring recorders (both audio and video) to record the session for future reference.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Nzou
Teacher: Patrick Latimer
Nzou is a new composition of mine in a fast 12/8, that conjures up the playfulness of baby elephants in the water. It draws from mbira rhythms and is arranged with interlocking kushaura and kutsinhira parts. It is a fun and upbeat addition to your repertoire that is sure to get audiences up and moving.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults, Teens
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Hurungwe
Teacher: Ted Wright
Hurungwe is a song originally done by The Green Arrows, a great Zimbabwean band popular in the 1970s. We’ll learn a full marimba arrangement along with some singing lines.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Hwahwa
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
A fun and lively piece that involves a little singing. Has simple rhythm parts that could appeal to advanced beginners and fairly intricate variations that could appeal to intermediate players. Advanced players are welcome if they would like to practice improvisation.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 1.5 hours |
Butsu
Teacher: Daniel Lockley
This song will be a great mix of different styles, from Dumi Maraire to Thomas Mapfumo to you! Optional for more advanced students: you can come up with your very own part for this classic song in a safe and enjoyable environment with lots of great suggestions from your humble teacher about how to craft a solid marimba part!
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Mbira Workshops
TLC for Your Mbira: Mbira Tuning and Maintenance
Teacher: Claire Jones
So you’ve just bought a mbira and some of the notes are rough? You want to tune your instrument but are afraid you might do more harm than good? This workshop is for those who want guidance in putting loving care into their mbira instruments. Claire will give pointers on tuning and improving the sound of the mbira keys, and maintaining the appearance and functionality of the buzzers and gwariva (soundboard). She will reveal the contents of her mbira bag (!) and give advice on some simple tools to include in your kit. Bring your questions and your mbiras that need tweaking!
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Chamutengure
Teacher: Clayton Master
One of the oldest songs and rhythms. This was the first song I learned to play and I understand why it's one of the first songs you should know. Bring a Magaya tuning mbira if you have one.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Todzungaira Kusanganisa "Mixer" Part
Teacher: Chakaipa Mhembere
Chaka will teach a special kusanganisa or "mixer" part that he has developed to "Todzungaira," in mavembe (gandanga) tuning. It hooks easily with the common kushaura part and is very beautiful. He has many variations to teach as students are ready to absorb them. If time allows, singing will be included.
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 1.5 hours |
Chipembere
Teacher: Chakaipa Mhembere
Chaka will teach a kushaura part to "Chipembere" in mavembe (gandanga) tuning. This is a kushaura commonly played by many mbira players. He will teach a special kutsinhira part that he has developed to "Chipembere". He can teach many variations as well. If time allows, singing will be included.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Kuzanga
Teacher: Joseph Saine
Kuzanga means "to live joyfully and free from fear." This is a sweet mbira piece that is often among the first few songs traditionally learned. This class is open to anyone even if you've never touched an mbira before. Mbiras will be provided, but bring your own nyamaropa tuning in MBIRA workshop pitch if you have one.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Siti on Matepe Mbira
Teacher: Jeff Brahe
One of my favorite songs for any mbira type, "Siti" is a great way to learn the basics of the matepe instrument. For more advanced players I have many variations to expand your "Siti" playing. Bring a matepe mbira if you have one!
Cost: $37.50
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2.5 hours ⊕ |
Taireva
Teacher: Musekiwa Chingodza
Taireva means "we told you so, we used to warn you," and it is very often played at the bira ceremony. I will teach kushaura and kutsinhira and how to connect them. Time permitting, some variations and high lines will be added. Mbiras will be provided, but bring your own Magaya standard tuning mbira if you have one. This workshop is open to Beginners as well as Advanced Beginner and above levels.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
16 key Nyunga Nyunga: Bangiza
Teacher: Musekiwa Chingodza
This is a workshop for people who have learned two or three pieces for Nyunganyunga and can play kushaura of each with some proficiency. The piece will be Bangiza. The kushaura will be taught, and if time permits kutsinhira will be taught as well. This workshop is open to Beginners as well as Advanced Beginner and above levels.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Bangidza
Teacher: Moyo Rainos Mutamba
Another deeply spiritual piece, that is in my opinion beautifully complex. In this workshop we'll work on kushaura; workshop participants will get to choose the variation they like as there are many hands to choose from, and if time permits we will work on complicating it. Garikayi Tirikoti has a specific tuning for Bangidza, which sounds incredibly compelling for the piece. However, we do not have the luxury of having Bangidza's from him, so we will do the versions that work on nyamaropa tuning.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Chigwaya
Teacher: Moyo Rainos Mutamba
Chigwaya is a simple yet melodically and rhythmically exhilarating song. In the Mhondoro area some families put Chigwaya in the category of mbira songs for mashavi (non-family spirits that tend to bring skills such as hunting, healing etc). In this workshop, I will focus on the kushaura parts on mbira. If time permits we might do a little singing with it.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Dande on Mavembe
Teacher: Moyo Rainos Mutamba
Dande is a deep spiritual song. According to Garikayi Tirikoti, in his dreams through which he learnt his 7-mbira ochestra, Dande was given to him on mavembe tuning. He says the original tuning for Dande is mavembe, and indeed Dande sounds much sweeter on mavembe. In this workshop we will work on the kushaura (call) on mbira and if time allows we will tackle kutsinhira (response). Mbiras will be provided, but bring your own mavembe (gandanga) tuning mbira if you have one.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced Beginner
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Dangurangu
Teacher: Moyo Rainos Mutamba
Some say Dangurangu is one of the most complex songs in the mbira repertoire. It's also incredibly beautiful and satisfying to play. This workshop will focus on the kushaura and a couple of variations. We will learn it on nyamaropa tuning, but the keys translate directly to mavembe (or gandanga) tuning.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Nyunga Nyunga Introduction
Teacher: Maggie Donahue
Nyunga nyunga (sparkle sparkle) is the type of mbira Dumisani Maraire taught to many of us in the Northwest. This workshop will be based on his method of teaching the nyunga nyunga. It will cover the technique of striking the keys, the relationship of the keys/notes, and how to listen for the ‘lines’ that are produced. Using Dumi’s piece “Kukaiwa” we will explore the way he structured and developed songs played on the nyunga nyunga. We’ll also learn a singing line he taught so you can amaze yourself by playing and singing at the same time! Appropriate for teachers.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Advanced Mbira Deepening
Teacher: Musekiwa Chingodza
In this class, I will revisit the songs that you been studying/playing over the years and check the hosho beat and adding some new parts/variations to the songs. If you are thinking about deepening song that you already know but you have never tried it, this workshop is for you.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Advanced
Topics: Mbira
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Other Instruments/Ensemble Workshops
Makwa (Clapping)
Teacher: Moyo Rainos Mutamba
In Shona, "kwa" is an onomatopoeia, representing the sound that is produced when one brings their palms together. Makwa literally means lots of those sounds. However not all meeting of hands yields nice sounds that can accompany mbira or dance. The purpose of this workshop is twofold: to work on technique for that sweet makwa sound and to do travel through different regions of Zimbabwe learning the rhythms to accompany several mbira genres.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Other Instruments/Ensemble, Drumming
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Introduction to Mbira Guitar – "Shanje"
Teacher: Samuel Mukwedeya
Students will be introduced to Zimbabwean guitar playing styles through learning guitar lines for the classic traditional mbira song "Shanje." Familiarity with basic notes and chords is a benefit but not necessary. Students who can play other instruments (mbira, hosho, ngoma) are also welcomed to bring them as we will work towards playing the song as an ensemble by the end of the lesson.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Other Instruments/Ensemble
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Chipendani
Teacher: Ted Wright
This workshop will teach the basics of playing the Chipendani, a one-string mouth bow from Zimbabwe. Basic techniques in plucking, singing and overtones will be taught for a song from the traditional chipendani repertoire. Some instruments will be provided, but if you have one, please bring it.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Introductory/Beginner
Topics: Other Instruments/Ensemble
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Afropop Ensemble Class
Teacher: Zivanai Masango
Bring your favorite instrument and your voices… dancing shoes, too. We will learn a popular Zimbabwean song starting with marimba and adding guitar, mbira, ukulele, drum kit, hand drums, horns… you name it.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: Intermediate
Topics: Other Instruments/Ensemble
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Presentations
From Dust to Snow (story telling)
Teacher: Kurai Blessing Mubaiwa
A true story of my life experience from the time I was born, including: growing up in the village; music; people; gossip and war time. Wait, there's more: hanging out in the woods as young herd boys; going to a rural school; the society and justice system; the hierarchy; prestige; fascinations and moving to the city; life in the Ghetto; performing arts; going abroad; politics; life at the markets; political party rivalry; moving to Canada; life in Vancouver; going back home; and the Zimfest thrill 🙂
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Presentations
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 1.5 hours |
My experiences at the Kwanongoma College of Music
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
In the workshop I will be sharing my experiences at the popular Kwanongoma College of Music, an African music college in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. This will include the curriculum, sharing of some of the learned repertoire, marimba playing technique, performance and life after Kwanongoma.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Presentations, Marimba
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 5 (Sat 1:00 PM) | 1 hours |
Understanding the Secrets Behind the Culture of the People of Zimbabwe
Teacher: Tapiwa Kapurura
This culture class will explore various scenarios from general social life, the art of joy, the role of music, the role of social relations, the dos and don'ts in the culture of Zimbabwe and what defines the society of Zimbabwe as a unique kind of people.
Cost: $11.25
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Presentations, Culture
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 3 (Fri 3:30 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Wrapping the Western Mind, Body, Soul, and Community around Zimbabwean Music
Teacher: Tedd Judd
One of the great joys of being a Westerner learning to play Zimbabwean music is the many ways it challenges our assumptions about what music is, how it is learned, how it functions, and how we can relate to it as performers, listeners, dancers, and teachers. This lecture/demonstration will start with an overview of the principles of melody perception discovered in perception laboratories, illustrated with recordings. These principles will then be applied to Shona mbira and marimba music, illustrated by performance. In particular, we will look at how melodies emerge from the collections of notes that mbira ensembles and marimba bands play. We will see how these melodic possibilities relate to Zimbabwean aesthetics contrasted with Western aesthetics. We will look at what that means for learning and performance. We will look at psychological factors involved in learning Zimbabwean music when contrasted with learning Western classical music. I will cover styles and ways of learning and how these connect with teaching styles, with an emphasis on aural learning. Then we will see how all of that relates to the ways people connect through music, and how Zimbabwean ways of relating through music contrast with Western ways of connecting through music. In the words of musicologist John Blacking, this workshop will take us from music as humanly organized sound to music as soundly organized humanity.
Cost: $15.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Presentations
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Cross cultural awareness: Talk/Discussion
Teacher: Lucky Moyo
In a global world where technology links us from different parts of the world in seconds and "our" cultures may not always be fluid and flexible, how do we balance learning, appropriation and dominance with creating a space where we can explore and try things without being accused. Is there some space of CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE that we can go into?
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Presentations, Culture
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Shona Language, An Introduction
Teacher: Moyo Rainos Mutamba
I will admit that I am biased… but I do think Shona is such an easy language to learn. It does not have too many complex sounds (kind of). Come learn basic greetings, grammatical structures and a sentence or two. The thing with learning Shona is that the language itself is the container of the culture. In learning the language one simultaneously learns cultural practices that might come in handy when traveling to Zimbabwe. I promise not to teach you swear words.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Presentations, Culture
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 4 (Sat 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Using Food To Boost Friendships
Teacher: Victoria Kapurura
This class explores the foods and recipes commonly enjoyed in Zimbabwe. There is a style, reason and cause for some foods to be taken at certain times and every type of food bears some significance among the people. The dining styles, the etiquette and the way people appreciate the food will be discussed. Students will be taught how to prepare traditional foods and will also be encouraged to ask questions as they get to taste some of the food samples.
Cost: $11.25
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Presentations, Culture
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 1.5 hours |
Singing Workshops
Mbira Singing
Teacher: Julia Chigamba
The workshop will open with a discussion about Zimbabwean culture and its significance in learning the dance and music. Students will learn a song to sing with mbira, its meaning, background, and importance in Zimbabwean culture.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 8 (Sun 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Drumming Singing
Teacher: Julia Chigamba
The workshop will open with a discussion about Zimbabwean culture and its significance in learning the music. Students will learn a song to sing with a drum rhythm, along with its meaning, background, and importance in Zimbabwean culture.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 1 (Fri 9:30 AM) | 2 hours |
Ndebele Mixed Voice Singing
Teacher: Lucky Moyo
Singing in the style of Dorothy Masuka, Miriam Makeba and Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Songs vary from work songs sung by teams in the fields to those sung at weddings, birthdays and other community events. We will work on singing and movement. Participants in this workshop are invited to perform in the Festival Highlights show @5p.m. Sunday Aug 14 if available.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 7 (Sun 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Singing: Amai Chiuyai, Mwana Anochema
Teacher: Musekiwa Chingodza
I will teach this lullaby song arrangement that is a version of Chamutengure. "Amai Chiuyai, Mwana Anochema" means "Mother come! The baby is crying." If there is time and interest, I can also teach the Chamutengure mbira version that goes with this song.
Cost: $30.00
Age Levels: Adults
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 2 (Fri 1:00 PM) | 2 hours |
Mhande Singing
Teacher: Moyo Rainos Mutamba
Mhande drum, dance and singing is done at bira ceremonies in many parts of Zimbabwe to bring the ancestors on this level. This workshop tags onto the mhande dance and drum offerings. We will survey a few mhande songs other than Mhondoro and Mudzimu Dzoka. Appropriate for teachers. Participants in this workshop are invited to perform in the Festival Highlights show @7:30 p.m. Sunday Aug 14 if available.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Singing
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Private Workshops
Private for Tsoko, Karin Tauscher
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
Private marimba workshop for youth group Tsoko, leader Karin Tauscher, with Michael Sibanda during session 6, Saturday, at 3:30 in marimba room 1
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: Any skill level
Topics: Private
Session | Length |
---|---|
Session 6 (Sat 3:30 PM) | 2 hours |
Private marimba workshop for Mary Donohoe's group
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
Private marimba workshop for Mary Donohoe's group with Michael Sibanda on Thursday for 1.5 hours
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Private
Drum/Dance Workshop Sampler for Newbies
Teacher: Clayton Master
Dance/Drum/Hosho sampler workshop for participants who are new to Zimfest. Friday at 2 p.m. for 1 hour in Modular 107 room.
Cost: $0.00
Age Levels: All Ages, All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Private
Private for Nathan Beck's group
Teacher: Simba Kamuriwo
Private marimba workshop for Nathan Beck's group with Simba Kamuriwo on Thursday from 1:00-2:30
Cost: $22.50
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: Any skill level
Topics: Private
Private for Heather Ward's group
Teacher: Michael Sibanda
Private marimba workshop for Heather Ward's group on Thursday with Michael Sibanda at 11am for 1.5 hours.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Private
Private dance workshop for Mary Donohoe's group
Teacher: Lucky Moyo
Private dance workshop for Mary Donohoe's group on Thursday with Lucky Moyo. 1 hour from 10:00-11:00 in the dance workshop room.
Cost: By donation
Age Levels: All Ages, All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Private
Marimba Workshop for Newbies
Teacher: Larry Israel
Marimba workshop for participants who are new to Zimfest. Saturday at 4 p.m. for 1 hour in Valsetz Mt. Hood room.
Cost: $0.00
Age Levels: All Ages
Skill Levels: All Levels
Topics: Private